FENa and Urine Sodium: AKI Differential Diagnosis Guide

FENa <1% suggests prerenal AKI (tubular sodium reabsorption intact); FENa ≥1% suggests intrinsic renal injury. Meta-analysis confirms sensitivity 90%, specificity 82% in ideal conditions. Both drop significantly in patients on diuretics — use FEUrea instead. Always interpret FENa in the full clinical context.

TL;DR: FENa <1% suggests prerenal AKI; FENa ≥1% suggests intrinsic renal injury. Meta-analysis confirms sensitivity 90%, specificity 82% in ideal conditions. In patients on diuretics, use FEUrea instead.


What Is FENa?

FENa measures what percentage of filtered sodium is excreted in urine. When kidneys are under-perfused, tubular function remains intact and FENa is <1%. When tubules are injured (ATN), FENa rises above 1%.

FENa (%) = (Urine Na × Serum Cr) / (Serum Na × Urine Cr) × 100


Interpretation

FENaInterpretation
<1%Prerenal AKI
1–2%Indeterminate
≥2–3%Intrinsic injury (ATN)

When FENa Fails

  • Diuretics: Force sodium excretion regardless of volume status → use FEUrea
  • CKD: Impaired baseline tubular sodium conservation
  • Contrast nephropathy: FENa typically <1% despite tubular injury
  • Rhabdomyolysis: Initially low FENa despite ATN

FEUrea <35% = prerenal; ≥35% = intrinsic injury


Evidence

Abdelhafez M et al. (2022): FENa pooled sensitivity 90%, specificity 82%. In oliguric patients without CKD/diuretics: Se 95%, Sp 91%. On diuretics: specificity drops to 54%. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(6):785–797. PMID: 35545442.


References

  1. Abdelhafez M et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(6):785–797. PMID: 35545442.
  2. Babar F et al. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017;7(5):296–299. PMID: 29147470.
  3. Espinel CH. JAMA. 1976;236(6):579–581. PMID: 939128.
  4. Kellum JA et al. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1–138.